MYTHS AND LEGENDS
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The Child-Birth Cult ("Umai Ene")The Oirit-Altaian child-birth cults are quite diverse. The northern Altaian tribes observe this ritual since most ancient times. The older relative of the woman in childbirth is always to be near her and to keep pronouncing the wishings. To preserve the woman's and the child's lives from evil spirits, this woman is to make rag dolls called emengeder. These dolls are believed to have a protecting power. The dolls are put at the head of the woman's bed. The Oirot-Teleuts and the Shors connect the history of these dolls with the legend of Oirot Shunu-Khan: "…When it was time for Khantaichy's wife to give birth to her child - the future Shunu-Khan, the bogatyr - she asked to give her the dolls she had used to play with when she was a girl. The dolls sent by her father were alive. She played with the dolls and that eased her birth-pains. Thus, with the help of these dolls she painlessly brought her son into the world - Shunu-Khan, the bogatyr…" That's why all women going to give birth to their first-borns, take emengeder from their parents' homes in memory of the revived dolls of Shunu-Khan's mother. Addresses to emengeder: You, holy and respected, Sitting in the front corner, Brought with dowry… With beads hanging on your chests, With feathers stuck into your head, With blood-red faces Looking like white paper Spread from Taada-Khan Clothed in Taada's silk coats Having saddled Taada's camels-horses, Having parted from Kongudai, Please, don't swear angrily, Let's have one common language, Let your tramp be strong, Please, don't frighten the young sprout Be attentive to the request Feel my prayer! The honorary mission of alkysh-proposing on the occasion of child-birth is given to Godmother - kin ene. She also gives the newborn child a name. Godmother is considered a highly respected person among the Oirot-Altaians as well as among other peoples. She is as respected as one's own mother; she is to share all the troubles with the mother. She has the right to bless the newborn child. Child, be faster than a hare, Be fatter than a ram, Let the one having power, not to beat you, Let the one having tongue, not to curse you, Let the mountain Ak-Syuri be your father, Let the tempestuous river be your mother. Blacksmith's Cult 
Since the times of ancient Turkic Kaganat, the Oirot-Altaians have been famous in the history for being iron suppliers and blacksmith's articles producers. Up to the beginning of the XX century, blacksmiths played a great role in the life of the Altaian cattle-breeders and hunters and won great respect of both ordinary laymen and the religious part of the society. The Oirot-Altaians considered blacksmiths the mostly respected part of the society, bringing progress and development due to their mastery. Many blacksmiths led a settled way of life and stayed at the places of their settlements even in wartime and during occupation. This fact always surprised the rest part of the society. There are known Oirot-Altaian blacksmiths' settlements of the end of the XIX century situated in Karasu Terrain, in Bilyulyu (which means 'emery stone'), which are in inner taiga of the Altai Mountains. In Karasu there were houses, smithies and the house of the head of the family (the ruins of which are still there). The blacksmith's cult was considered to be stronger than that of kam-shamans. Kams couldn't approach smithies in order not to loose their power. Steel used for striking fire, hearths, axes and other household utilities manufactured by blacksmiths were believed to have magic power, and people treated these things respectfully. For example, a little thimble heated in fire healed many wounds at the first stage and without any scars left.
Hunters' Cult
The Oirot-Altaian hunters' cult is expressed in a special respectful treatment of wild animals. It was believed that animals' spirits were equal to those of men. Each Oirot-Altaian clan-seok had its own founder-ancestor - an animal or a bird, whose spirits guard and protect them from evil spirits and various dangers. Therefore, everyone treated his seok's animal or bird respectfully. For example, the Tyolyoses carefully treated deer when hunting. They did not shoot the leader and female animals that were to calve in spring. Before cutting the carcass, they asked the deer's spirits and the Master of Taiga for forgiveness. When cutting the carcass, they carefully treated the place of bullet- or arrow-hit. This part was left for the Master. There existed various taboos for hunters. To shoot the most beautiful deer with the biggest horns meant to shoot the Master of Taiga, which might have resulted in a disaster or the hunter's or his relative's death. The same concerned many other wild animals. Not to cause malice of a bear's, a wolf's, a lynx's, a panther's spirits, they were given other honorable names - "Abaai", "Abaga", "Shyulyuzyun", etc. In fairy-tales they appeared as the tsars or leaders of the whole Altaian animal kingdom. A special ritual is carried out when hunting an otter. A hunter might shoot only one otter in a year or even more than a year. The quarry - otter was left at a special prepared place, where the hunter hunted, for 3 days and 3 nights. Otter's spirit "contains" 10 people's spirits, i.e. 10 lives, which are to leave the otter during these three days and three nights and go to taiga. That was the way for the hunter to guarantee safety for himself and his family. Otter's skin is cut into stripes, that are used to edge the national fur hat, sewed of fox's pads, musk-deer's, lynx's, sable's paws. only old healthy women having children were chosen to cut these stripes, which are to be 2 fingers wide. Not every woman dares to do that. If there were disasters or woman's relatives died during the several previous years, - this woman wouldn't agree to cut the stripes and even wouldn't take them. The Altaian hunters' cult is so diverse, that it requires a thorough research and description. There are various charms, wishings, taboos, tokens, dreams, etc., which all together make an integral system - a part of cultural and spiritual and educational process in the society. The loss of these values in the Soviet period caused poaching and mass extermination of many wild animals. |